![]() Generally speaking, it is widely admitted that the activation process of fly ashes allows obtaining a material with similar cementing features to those characterising Ordinary Portland Cement. And in this context it should be noted that the characteristics of the in-plant industrial process involved in manufacturing precast concrete units differs in a number of ways from in situ construction, vesting these units with properties that distinguish them, in terms of durability, from in situ concrete under the conditions generally prevailing on construction sites. Concrete durability, however, depends on many factors. At the same time, over 50% of the world demand for sleepers (around 20 million units per year) was for the concrete version and between 2% and 5% of the concrete ties that are laid on tracks every year are to replace or renew worn elements. Nowadays, the tracks that comprise the world railway network are estimated to contain nearly three billion sleepers, over 400 million of which are made of concrete. ![]()
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